2011年10月14日 星期五

試析「船舶貨物裝卸承攬契約」之重要條款(陸)

拾壹、【保險(Insurance)】:
(建議條文一):
Without in any way relieving the Contractor or detracting from its obligations and liabilities the Contractor shall, at its own expense, procure and maintain during the Term hereof policies of insurance with first class insurance companies covering and meeting i) any and all obligations and liabilities assumed by it under this Agreement and ii) any requirements by law, including public and third party liability.

Contractor shall perform any obligation required of it by such insurance/insurance providers and do nothing which could invalidate such insurance(s).

Contractor shall ensure that all its insurance policies provide that Customer is given immediate written notice of any cancellation, termination, suspension, revocation or material amendment in cover of such insurance(s).
(譯文):
在不免除或減輕碼頭公司責任的情況下,碼頭公司同意以自己的費用,在契約有效期間內,向一流保險公司購買取得合乎本契約與法令要求的保險(包括公共與第三人責任險在內)。

碼頭公司應該履行前開保險公司所要求的責任,且同意不做任何會使保單失效的行為。

遇有保單遭受到取消、延宕、撤銷,或大幅修正的情況時,碼頭公司應該立即通知客戶知悉。

(建議條文二):
If requested by the Customer, the Contractor shall provide the Customer with a copy of certificate or certificate of insurance evidencing the above arrangements. No such request or absence of such request shall be construed as waving the Contractor’s obligations to arrange any insurance required by law or by this Agreement.

No insurances or the limits of such insurances shall be construed in any way as a limit of Contractor’s liability hereunder.

Breach of any of Contractor’s obligations in this Clause shall be deemed a material breach of this Agreement and entitle Customer to terminate this Agreement immediately without liability or obligation on giving written notice to such effect, and/or to take out required insurance at a reasonable level on behalf of the Contractor, at the Contractor’s expense.
(譯文):
依客戶的要求,碼頭公司應即提供「保險證明文件」或其繕本以證明前開安排。客戶沒有要求並不表示碼頭公司即得毋庸依約或法令安排保險。

保險上的安排或限制,並不能視為就是對碼頭公司在責任履行上的限制。

碼頭公司違反本條的規定,將被視為係一嚴重的違約情況,客戶對此得立即以書面通知終止契約履行,而毋庸負擔任何責任,並得以碼頭公司的費用購置合理的保險。

(說明):
在「船舶貨物裝卸承攬契約」中,對於碼頭公司保險上的安排,設下了若干規範,其中包括必須向一流保險公司購買保單,至於何謂「一流」保險公司,則視市場上的信用評等結果而定。另,碼頭公司依照客戶的要求,亦必須提供「保險證明文件」供客戶收執。遇有保單遭到取消、撤銷等失效情況時,碼頭公司亦應該於第一時間立刻讓客戶知悉。

碼頭公司違反此一「保險」的規定,將被視為係一「嚴重」的違約現象,其結果可能導致「貨物裝卸承攬契約」的終止,爰碼頭公司不可不慎矣。

拾貳、【偷渡者/未經核准地潛入船舶(Stowaways/Unauthorized Access to Ships)】:
(建議條文一):
The Contractor warrants that it will enforce strict controls to prevent unauthorized access to the Port and/or the Container Terminal and will provide such additional security personal and equipment at the Port and/or the Container Terminal so as to ensure that the Containers and the Container Ships at the Port and/or the Container Terminal are safe and secure at all times.

The Customer warrants that it will arrange for access control to be performed at the gangway on all Customer Container Ships whilst berthed at the Container Terminal, in order to assist the Contractor to prevent stowaways and/or unauthorized access to the Customer Container Ships.
(譯文):
碼頭公司保證其會進行嚴格的管控,以防止未經授權人員潛入港口及(或)貨櫃碼頭,並會在港口及(或)貨櫃碼頭處提供額外的安全人員與設備,以確定在港口及(或)貨櫃碼頭內的貨櫃與貨櫃船舶均受到安全的保護。

客戶保證其會在所有客戶的貨櫃船停泊在貨櫃碼頭時,在舷梯前安排進出入管制,以協助碼頭公司防阻偷渡客及(或)未經核准人員潛入客戶的貨櫃船。

(建議條文二):
Notwithstanding the above, in the event that stowaways or other unauthorized persons are found on-board any of the Customer Container Ships either berthed at, or which have been berthed at, the Container Terminal and whether found whilst at the Container Terminal or after departure, and such persons may have, or did in fact, gain access to the Customer Container Ship whilst berthed at the Container Terminal, then all reasonable and necessary costs, expenses, fees, fines, penalties and other and/or liabilities incurred by or on behalf of the Customer shall be for the account of the Contractor. The Customer shall, if necessary, provide copy documentation and receipts to support any amounts claimed against the Contractor by the Customer under this Clause, where applicable.

Contractor warrants and undertakes to implement each and every security measure necessary or desirable to ensure that the Port and the Container Terminal complies with the highest international standards concerning security and the Contractor shall grant to the Customer the right to audit and/or approve such security measures at any time throughout the Term.
(譯文):
雖然如此,假設在客戶貨櫃船上發現有偷渡客或其他未經核准的人員,不論現正停泊或曾經停泊在貨櫃碼頭處,也不論是在貨櫃碼頭處或離開碼頭後,這些人或許在停泊時,已經取得許可進入客戶的貨櫃船(實際上的確如此),則客戶因此所產生的所有合理與必要的成本、支出、費用、罰金、懲罰,及(或)責任均應該由碼頭公司負責。客戶在必要的情況下,應提供文件與收據,以證實其向碼頭公司索賠的數額。

為確保港口與貨櫃碼頭能夠達到國際上的最高安全標準,碼頭公司保證與承諾其會執行每一項安全措施,而客戶在碼頭公司的授權下,亦得於契約有效期間內,隨時稽查核准前開安全措施。

(說明):
碼頭公司營運範圍,往往橫跨數座碼頭,幅員遼闊,然在船舶靠泊進行裝卸時,則常常會因為作業繁忙,而導致無法兼顧到人員管制的這個部分。縱使平日在進出港區的時候,即有門禁管制,但偷渡案件仍層出不窮,可見安全防護部分仍有加強的空間。以碼頭使用者的角度而言(即契約中的所謂「客戶」),碼頭公司提供安全的防範,以阻擋偷渡客或其他未經核准人員的入侵,乃是最基本應為的措施,所以其可以在契約有效期間內,去審視(甚至去核准)碼頭公司所為的安全防護措施是否妥當。

拾參、【結果性損害(Consequential Damages)】:
(建議條文):
Notwithstanding anything herein to the contrary, neither Party shall be responsible for or liable to the other for any consequential, punitive or other similar indirect loss or damages, whether foreseeable or not, which shall include, without limitation, loss of profits, loss of revenue or business or goodwill and event if such claim or liability were to be based upon any breach by a Party of its obligations under this Agreement or any negligent act, fault or omission by a Party.
(譯文):
除非本約另有規定,否則任何一方均不對結果性、懲罰性,或其他類似間接性的毀損或滅失負責,不論前開損害是否係可以被預見,但包括並不限於,利潤、營收、營業,或善意上的損失均屬之。即使前開索賠或責任,係因為契約一方的違約、過失、錯誤,或忽略行為所導致,仍有適用的餘地。
(說明):
所謂「結果性的損害」(the Consequential Damages)(或稱之為「衍生性的損害」),其包括了所謂利潤上的損失等,祇是該損失是遠隔的、間接的,如果當事人要獲得此一賠償,則必須舉證證明此一損害是違約方在訂約的時候即得預見或應當預見的(前乃是「一般性」的規定,但在本約中其已經排除縱使「損害」係可以預見的,其仍不在可以請求賠償的範圍之內)。另,本「貨物裝卸承攬契約」針對此類損害的發生,明訂縱使是因為契約當事人一方的過失所造成,亦有適用的餘地。事實上,此一觀念散見於一般契約之中,爰未來大家在草擬契約的時候,均可以參考應用。契約中亦澄清縱使損害的發生,係因為當事人的過失所造成的違約狀況,亦有適用的餘地。換句話說,面對此一「結果性的損害」,則除非另有規定外,否則不論任何情況,當事人均毋庸負責。

拾肆、【終止(Termination)】:
(建議條文):
This Agreement shall, subject to this Clause, terminate on the expiry of the Term or it may be terminated in any of the following ways:
(a) on at least three (3) months written notice from one Party to the other;
(b) In accordance with the Clause of Events of Default, instantly following the occurrence of an Event of Default;
(c) As a result of a continuing Event of Force Majeure in accordance with the Clause of Force Majeure; or
(d) Upon the occurrence of a breach of the Contractor’s insurance obligations, in accordance with Clause of Insurance.

Any such termination shall be without prejudice to the rights and liabilities of the parties which may have accrued as at the date of such termination or any rights and liabilities which may accrue thereafter in respect of any breach, fault, act or omission prior to such termination and shall be without prejudice to any provisions of this Agreement which are expressed to remain in force following any termination.

In the event of termination, the parties agree to comply with any obligation arising hereunder up to the termination date and, as appropriate, thereafter.
(譯文):
依本條款規定,本約於契約期滿或得依以下方式終止之:
(a) 以至少3個月的書面通知終止他方;
(b) 立即在發生違約情事後,依違約條款終止契約;
(c) 不可抗力事件持續中,依不可抗力條款終止契約;或
(d) 依保險條款,在碼頭公司違反保險義務時終止之。

針為契約終止前的違約、過錯、作為或不作為,該終止並不影響終止時已發生的權利與義務,或終止後可能會產生的權利與義務,且不會對於終止後已經明示依舊有效的條款造成影響。

發生終止情事時,契約雙方同意履行因此所產生的責任,直至終止當日或其後適當期日為止。

(說明):
「終止條款」亦屬於一般性的條款,其他契約中均有適用的機會。除契約屆滿期限自然終止之外,本約中亦授權契約的任一當事人,得以3個月的事前書面通知自由地終止契約的繼續履行,而毋庸負擔任何解約責任。或還有違約情況,在寬限期間後(grace period)仍未獲改善者,未違約的一方即得立即終止契約的繼續履行,並得另行請求違約一方的損害賠償責任。至於遇到「不可抗力」(Force Majeure)事件,在60天過後該不可抗力若仍持續存在時(註一) ,則任何一方即得終止契約的繼續履行(待續)。

(註解):
(註一):這裡的「60天」僅係舉例,亦有「180天」的規定,完全係視雙方當事人之間的合意而定。

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